The recent outbreak of anthrax in Zamfara State serves as a grim reminder of Nigeria’s ongoing public health challenges. This follows a similar incident in Niger State in July 2023, marking the country’s first reported case of the disease in several years. The Federal Ministry of Livestock Development has issued a call for heightened vigilance and swift action to manage the risks associated with the disease.
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, primarily affects herbivores like goats, cattle, and sheep, but humans can contract it through contact with infected animal products such as wool, hides, or bones. While it is more common among agricultural workers, those handling animals, such as farmers, veterinarians, and butchers, are particularly vulnerable.
The zoonotic nature of anthrax emphasizes the interconnectedness of human and animal health, underscoring the need for a “one-health” approach to disease prevention. If untreated, anthrax can lead to severe respiratory issues, shock, and even death. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent widespread outbreaks.
Despite being underreported, anthrax remains a significant threat, with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WAHO) highlighting its high mortality rate in wildlife and livestock. The disease also poses a security risk due to its potential to affect both animals and humans.
In response to this threat, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and other relevant agencies, including the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), must intensify surveillance, testing, and vaccination efforts. Public education on identifying symptoms in livestock and avoiding contact with affected animals is also critical in reducing human exposure.
This re-emergence of anthrax underscores the need for a coordinated national response, with the reinvigoration of the National Anthrax Technical Working Group to strengthen public health preparedness and ensure effective management of future outbreaks.